Ravi Shankar Best Cardiac Surgeon

Heart Transplant: A Complete Guide to Procedure, Success Rate, and Life After

By Dr. Sanjay Kumar in CTVS at Paras Hospital Gurgaon, Paras Hospitals East & Patna.

Heart Transplant: A Complete Guide to Procedure, Success Rate, and Life After

Introduction

Heart disease continues to be one of the leading causes of death worldwide, and for many patients with end-stage heart failure, heart transplant is the only viable option for survival. Under the expert care of Dr. Sanjay Kumar, Vice Chairman and Chief Cardiothoracic & Vascular Surgeon at Paras Hospital Gurgaon, and Paras Hospitals Patna and Delhi, hundreds of patients have regained their lives and hope through successful heart transplants.

This article offers a deep dive into the heart transplant procedure, from why it is needed, who needs it, how it compares to other treatments, to the latest developments in artificial heart technology.

1. Why Heart Transplant is Needed

Why Heart Transplant is Needed – Explained Simply

A heart transplant is considered a last-resort treatment when the heart becomes so weak or damaged that it can no longer pump blood effectively — even after trying all other medicines or surgeries.

Here’s why someone might need it:
  1. End-stage heart failure – This is the final and most serious stage of heart failure, where the heart can’t supply enough blood to meet the body’s needs.
  2. Congenital heart defects – Some people are born with structural problems in the heart that can’t be fully repaired and may require a new heart.
  3. Cardiomyopathy – When the heart muscles become enlarged, stiff, or thick, making it hard for the heart to pump.
  4. Severe coronary artery disease – If the heart’s arteries are blocked or narrowed badly, the heart muscle gets weak or damaged permanently.
  5. Heart valve disease – Faulty valves can lead to poor blood flow and stress on the heart, leading to failure over time.

How is the decision made?

Doctors evaluate the patient’s symptoms, test results, overall health, and how well other treatments have worked. If nothing else can improve the person’s condition, and their life is at serious risk, a heart transplant may be the only solution.

In short, a heart transplant is needed when the heart can no longer support life on its own, and there’s no other effective treatment left.

2. Who Needs a Heart Transplant?

A heart transplant is generally reserved for patients with the most severe and irreversible heart conditions, where other treatments—such as medications, lifestyle changes, or surgical procedures—have failed to improve heart function or quality of life. The decision is made after a thorough medical evaluation and consideration of various eligibility criteria.

Here are the typical conditions and criteria for a patient to be considered for a heart transplant:

  • Advanced Heart Failure (Class IV NYHA): Patients in New York Heart Association (NYHA) Class IV have symptoms even at rest and are unable to carry out any physical activity without discomfort. These individuals are often the primary candidates for transplant.
  • Short Life Expectancy Without Transplant: If medical experts estimate that the patient has less than one year to live due to poor heart function and related complications, a transplant is strongly considered.
  • No Severe Dysfunction in Other Organs: The transplant candidate should not have irreversible damage to the liver, kidneys, or lungs, as these conditions can reduce the success rate of the transplant and complicate recovery.
  • Age and General Health: Most heart transplant centers prefer recipients to be under 70 years old with otherwise good overall health, as younger and fitter patients tend to recover better and have fewer complications.
  • Pediatric Patients: Heart transplants for kids are also performed, especially in cases of congenital heart defects or cardiomyopathies. With advanced surgical techniques and pediatric cardiology units, even infants and young children can now undergo life-saving transplants with encouraging outcomes.

In essence, a heart transplant is recommended when it’s the only viable solution for survival, offering hope and extended life to patients in the most critical stages of heart failure.

3. Heart Transplant Survival Rate: What Is the Heart Transplant Success Rate?

A heart transplant is a complex yet highly effective procedure, and survival rates have steadily improved thanks to medical advancements, better post-operative care, and early detection of complications.

Global Survival Statistics:

  • 1-Year Survival Rate: Approximately 85–90% of patients survive the first year after a heart transplant. This period is critical due to the risk of rejection and infection.
  • 5-Year Survival Rate: Around 70% of heart transplant recipients live beyond five years, provided they follow strict medical guidelines and attend regular follow-ups.
  • 10-Year Survival Rate: Approximately 55% of patients continue to live for more than ten years after the transplant.

These numbers reflect both the advancement in immunosuppressive therapies and improved surgical techniques, leading to better long-term outcomes.

Heart Transplant Success Rate in India:

India has emerged as a global hub for complex cardiac surgeries, including heart transplants. The success rate in India is comparable to international benchmarks, with major cities like Delhi NCR, Mumbai, Bangalore, and Chennai leading the way.

Factors contributing to India’s high success rates include:

  • World-class hospitals with NABH and JCI accreditations
  • Experienced cardiac surgeons and transplant teams
  • Advanced post-operative care and monitoring systems
  • Rising organ donation awareness and infrastructure

With expert doctors like Dr. Sanjay Kumar, Vice Chairman of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery at Paras Hospitals, more Indian patients are achieving excellent recovery and quality of life post-transplant.

4. How Long Can Someone Live Without a Heart Transplant?

It varies. Patients with end-stage heart failure may survive only weeks or months without a transplant. However, medications, mechanical pumps, or artificial hearts can temporarily support patients awaiting a donor.

5. Heart Transplant: How Long Can You Live After?

With proper post-transplant care and regular medical supervision, many heart transplant recipients live for 10 to 20 years or even longer. Some patients have lived over 25 years with a transplanted heart, enjoying a near-normal life.

Several factors influence the long-term success and lifespan after a heart transplant:

  • Donor-Recipient Match Quality: A better tissue and blood-type match reduces rejection risk.
  • Patient’s Age and Overall Health: Younger and otherwise healthy patients often have better long-term outcomes.
  • Immune System Response: Rejection episodes and infections can reduce survival, so immunosuppressive therapy must be strictly followed.
  • Lifestyle Choices: Avoiding smoking, eating a heart-healthy diet, managing stress, and staying physically active contribute significantly to long life after a transplant.

With advancements in medication, monitoring technology, and personalized care plans, life expectancy after a heart transplant continues to improve worldwide.

6. Heart Transplant with Artificial Heart

Heart Transplant with Artificial Heart

An artificial heart acts as a life-sustaining bridge for patients suffering from end-stage heart failure while they await a suitable donor heart for transplant. This temporary solution is particularly crucial for those in critical condition who cannot survive the wait without assistance.

Artificial hearts are of two primary types:

  • Total Artificial Heart (TAH): This completely replaces both of the heart’s lower chambers (ventricles), allowing the patient to live without their natural heart.
  • Left Ventricular Assist Device (LVAD): This mechanical pump supports the function of the left ventricle, helping circulate blood throughout the body.

Though not permanent replacements, these devices have successfully extended patients’ lives from several months to even a few years, buying valuable time until a donor heart becomes available. The use of artificial hearts is increasing in advanced heart centers across India and globally, thanks to technological progress and better patient monitoring systems.

7. Heart Transplant Centres Near Me

India has several reputed heart transplant hospitals, including:

  • Paras Hospital Gurgaon
  • Apollo Hospitals (Delhi, Chennai, Hyderabad)
  • AIIMS Delhi
  • Narayana Health (Bangalore)
  • Medanta The Medicity, Gurgaon
  • Paras Hospital Patna
  • Amrita Institute, Kochi

Use search engines or local medical directories to find heart transplant centers near me for the latest updates and patient reviews.

8. Heart Transplant vs Open Heart Surgery

Heart transplant and open-heart surgery are both major cardiac procedures, but they serve very different purposes and are suited for different conditions.

Feature Heart Transplant Open Heart Surgery
Purpose Replaces the entire failing heart Repairs or corrects structural heart problems
Condition Treated End-stage heart failure Valve defects, blocked arteries, septal defects
Recovery Time 3 to 6 months 1 to 3 months
Complexity Extremely high – involves donor matching Less complex – more commonly performed
Risk Level High – due to rejection and immunosuppression Moderate – routine with lower complication rates

In summary, a heart transplant is a last-resort solution for patients whose hearts are beyond repair, while open-heart surgery addresses correctable issues like valve defects or coronary artery disease.

9. Heart Transplant vs Artificial Heart

The comparison between a heart transplant and an artificial heart involves understanding the nature, benefits, and limitations of both options for treating severe heart failure:

  1. Heart Transplant:
    • Biological Solution: A heart transplant involves replacing the patient’s failing heart with a donor heart. This offers a biological solution, meaning the transplanted heart is a real, living organ.
    • Long-Term Potential: Heart transplants are considered a long-term solution. With proper care and medications, a transplanted heart can function for many years.
    • Availability and Matching: A suitable donor heart must be available, which is often a challenge due to the scarcity of organ donors. Matching a donor heart to the recipient’s blood type and tissue type is also critical.
  2. Artificial Heart:
    • Temporary Solution: An artificial heart is a mechanical device used to help pump blood when the heart is unable to do so adequately. It is typically used as a bridge, either temporarily while waiting for a donor heart or as a longer-term solution if a transplant is not feasible.
    • Not a Biological Organ: It is a machine-based solution, and it doesn’t offer the same biological function as a real heart. It is often used in situations where a transplant isn’t immediately possible.
  3. Decision Factors:
    • Cost: Heart transplants can be expensive due to surgery, post-transplant care, and long-term immunosuppressive drugs to prevent rejection. Artificial hearts can also be costly but are often used temporarily until a donor heart becomes available.
    • Availability: A suitable donor heart may not always be available in time, making an artificial heart a useful option for bridging the gap.
    • Individual Condition: The patient’s health, age, and specific needs determine whether a transplant or an artificial heart is the better option. Some patients may not be eligible for a transplant due to other health factors.
In summary, a heart transplant is a more permanent, biological solution, whereas an artificial heart is a mechanical, often temporary fix used when a donor heart is unavailable. The decision depends on factors like cost, availability, and the patient’s overall condition.

10. Heart Transplant vs CABG (Bypass Surgery)

Here’s the comparison between Heart Transplant and CABG (Bypass Surgery) in a table format:

Parameter Heart Transplant CABG (Bypass Surgery)
Indication End-stage heart failure Coronary artery blockages
Procedure Replacement of the heart Bypass blocked arteries
Outcome Life-saving Improves blood flow
Duration 6–12 hours 3–6 hours
Cost Higher Comparatively lower

11. Heart Transplant vs Bypass Surgery

Here’s the comparison between Heart Transplant and Bypass Surgery (CABG) in a table format:

Parameter Heart Transplant Bypass Surgery (CABG)
Purpose Replaces a failing heart with a donor heart Improves blood supply to the heart by bypassing blocked arteries
Indication End-stage heart failure Multiple coronary artery blockages
When it’s used Severe heart failure, when other treatments fail For patients with coronary artery disease, multiple blockages
Procedure Removal of the damaged heart and replacement with a donor heart Bypass blocked arteries using healthy vessels
Outcome Restores heart function Relieves symptoms like chest pain, reduces heart attack risk
Suitable for Patients with low heart function or end-stage heart failure Patients with coronary artery disease or blockages
Possible Requirement May be required if heart function is severely compromised, even after CABG May need to be done first before considering a transplant in some cases

12. Heart Transplant for Young Patients

Young patients, including children and teens, usually have better survival rates due to fewer comorbidities and stronger recovery ability. Special pediatric cardiac centers offer heart transplant for kids with congenital defects.

13. Heart Transplant Hospital Infrastructure

Top hospitals offer:

  • 24×7 ICU & cardiac care
  • Cardiac surgeons & immunologists
  • Organ matching & transplant coordinators
  • Counselling and follow-up care

Ensure your hospital is Paras Hospital Gurgaon or AIIMS Delhi and has a proven transplant record.

14. Heart Transplant 5-Year Survival Rate

The global 5-year survival rate after heart transplant is:

  • Adults: ~70%
  • Children: ~75–80%

Better outcomes are seen in patients adhering to medication, follow-ups, and a healthy lifestyle.

FAQs: People Also Ask

Q1. Who is not eligible for a heart transplant?

Patients with severe infections, terminal cancer, major organ failure, or poor lifestyle adherence may not qualify.

Q2. What disqualifies you from getting a heart transplant?

Smoking, alcohol abuse, obesity, or poor compliance with treatment can disqualify a candidate.

Q3. Is heart transplant better than artificial heart?

Yes, a transplant is a permanent biological fix, while artificial hearts are mechanical support systems.

Q4. How long is the waiting list for a heart transplant?

In India, it can range from a few weeks to several months, depending on donor availability.

Q5. Can you live 20 years after a heart transplant?

Yes. Many patients, especially those transplanted young and compliant with care, live 15–25 years post-transplant.

Conclusion

Heart transplant is a complex but life-saving procedure that offers hope and new life to patients with end-stage heart conditions. Whether you’re looking into heart transplant hospitals, considering options like CABG or artificial heart, or curious about the success rate in India, understanding the process is crucial. Always consult expert transplant centers and cardiologists to evaluate your options.

 

Ravi Shankar Best Cardiac Surgeon

Heart Procedure Dilemma: Expert Insights on Why Surgery Still Saves Lives

By Dr. Sanjay Kumar in CTVS at Paras Hospital Gurgaon, Paras Hospitals East & Patna.

CABG Surgery & More: Why Heart Surgery Still Saves Lives

Heart Procedure Dilemma: Decoding the Best Option — Why Surgery Still Matters

Reassessing the Role of Cardiovascular Surgery in Modern Heart Care

Despite dramatic advances in minimally invasive cardiology, cardiovascular surgery remains the gold standard in treating many forms of heart disease — especially when long-term outcomes, anatomical complexity, and overall patient stability are taken into account. In today’s fast-evolving medical landscape, procedures like bypass surgery, valve repair/replacement, and open aortic aneurysm repair continue to save lives, offering comprehensive and durable solutions that catheter-based methods often can’t fully match.

Heart disease remains the world’s leading cause of death, responsible for 17.9 million deaths annually (WHO), and a growing number of patients are being offered multiple procedural options. However, not all are created equal — and while minimally invasive techniques are appealing, surgical interventions are often the best, and sometimes the only, curative approach for certain conditions.

1. Bypass Surgery (CABG): The Cornerstone of Complex Coronary Disease Management

Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG) is one of the most time-tested and widely performed cardiovascular surgeries worldwide. It is the preferred approach for patients with:

    • Left main coronary artery disease

    • Triple-vessel disease

    • Reduced heart function (low ejection fraction)

    • Diabetes, especially with diffuse arterial involvement

Unlike angioplasty, which opens blocked arteries using stents, CABG reroutes blood flow entirely using grafts taken from the patient’s veins or arteries.

Why Surgery Still Wins:

    • Long-term survival is superior in high-risk patients.

    • Fewer repeat procedures are required compared to PCI.

    • Allows simultaneous repair of other heart structures, like valves.

Key Evidence:

    • The FREEDOM trial (NEJM, 2012) showed a 30% reduction in mortality with CABG over PCI in diabetic patients with multi-vessel disease.

    • The SYNTAX trial found that patients with complex coronary lesions had significantly better 10-year outcomes with CABG.

2. Heart Valve Surgery: Durable Solutions Over Temporary Fixes

Surgical valve replacement or repair continues to be the most definitive treatment for moderate to severe valvular heart disease, particularly in younger patients or those with multiple valve or structural issues.

Surgical Valve Replacement (SAVR):

    • Offers better durability, especially with mechanical valves that can last over 20 years.

    • Can repair or replace multiple valves in a single procedure.

    • Increasingly done using minimally invasive techniques, avoiding full sternotomy and speeding recovery.

Limitations of Transcatheter Options (TAVR/TMVR):

    • TAVR, though popular, is best reserved for older patients or those at high surgical risk.

    • TMVR (Transcatheter Mitral Valve Repair) is palliative, not curative, and unsuitable for many complex cases.

    • Durability data for TAVR beyond 10–15 years remains unclear.

Supporting Data:

    • A 2020 analysis in JACC reported higher reintervention rates after TAVR in younger, low-risk patients.

    • Surgical valve replacement is associated with lower long-term complications, especially valve degeneration or need for reoperation.

3. Aortic Aneurysm Repair: When Surgery Is Still Essential

While Thoracic Endovascular Aortic Repair (TEVAR) has gained ground for treating certain aortic aneurysms, open surgical repair remains vital for patients with:

    • Ascending or arch aneurysms

    • Connective tissue disorders (e.g., Marfan syndrome)

    • Anatomical contraindications for stenting

Why Open Repair Still Matters:

    • It provides definitive repair with long-term graft stability.

    • Avoids issues like endoleaks, which affect up to 20% of TEVAR patients.

    • Hybrid surgeries are expanding options, combining open and endovascular methods, but surgery still leads in durability.

Key Stats:

    • Open repair 30-day mortality: ~8%, but with superior durability in low-risk patients.

  • TEVAR has short-term benefits but requires lifelong imaging and carries risk of device-related complications.

Surgery in the Era of Evidence-Based Medicine

Today’s cardiovascular surgeons don’t just perform procedures — they lead heart teams, analyse complex cases, and help patients make informed, data-driven choices. In an era of growing emphasis on quality of life, durability, and cost-effectiveness, surgery often provides the most reliable, curative outcome, particularly in:

    • Younger patients

    • Noncompliant patients who may not adhere to post-procedure medications

    • Complex anatomical scenarios where catheter-based techniques fall short

Minimally invasive surgical options — such as small incision valve replacements or robot-assisted bypass surgery — have further enhanced the role of surgery by reducing recovery time and patient discomfort, while maintaining clinical superiority.

Final Word: The Surgical Advantage

While less invasive options like PCI and TAVR are increasingly used, surgery remains the foundation of cardiovascular care in many cases. The decision must be personalised, balancing short-term comfort with long-term outcomes and risk reduction.

Cardiovascular surgery is not just an alternative — in many cases, it’s the answer

Ravi Shankar Uncategorized

Heart Attack Risk Among Young and Middle-Aged Indians

By Dr. Sanjay Kumar in CTVS at Paras Hospital Gurgaon, Paras Hospitals East & Patna.

Heart Attacks

Heart Attack in Young and Middle-Aged Indians: A Growing Concern

India has one of the highest rates of coronary artery disease (CAD) globally, accounting for nearly 20% of all heart disease-related deaths worldwide. Alarmingly, Indians face a 3 to 20 times higher risk of developing heart disease compared to many other populations.

While 23% of heart disease and stroke-related deaths in Western populations occur before the age of 70, the figure rises to 52% among Indians, indicating a serious early-onset trend. Moreover, Indians tend to develop heart conditions 5 to 10 years earlier than other ethnic groups.

One major contributor to this growing crisis, particularly among young adults, is the rising prevalence of unhealthy dietary habits, including increased consumption of processed and fast foods. Sedentary lifestyles, stress, and poor routine health monitoring further elevate the risk.

Understanding these factors and taking early preventive steps is crucial in reducing the burden of heart disease among India’s younger population.

What Is a Heart Attack?

A heart attack, medically known as myocardial infarction, occurs when the blood flow to a part of the heart muscle is suddenly blocked, most often by a blood clot. This blockage typically happens in one of the coronary arteries, which are responsible for delivering oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle.

When blood flow is obstructed, the affected part of the heart muscle is deprived of oxygen, leading to damage or death of the tissue. As a result, that portion of the heart may lose its ability to pump effectively. If not treated promptly, a heart attack can cause serious complications or even be life-threatening.

Early recognition and medical intervention are critical to minimise heart damage and improve recovery outcomes.

Why Are Indians at a Higher Risk of Heart Attacks?

India has witnessed a significant rise in heart disease among young and middle-aged adults, driven by a combination of lifestyle-related and behavioural risk factors. Urbanisation has introduced increased psychological stress, unhealthy dietary habits, smoking, binge drinking, and even substance abuse, all of which contribute to the early onset of heart disease.

One of the most alarming contributors is the sedentary lifestyle now common among the youth, especially in metropolitan regions. Lack of regular physical activity reduces cardiovascular fitness and increases the risk of obesity, diabetes, and high cholesterol, known precursors to heart attacks.

Moreover, young individuals often underestimate their health risks. Many neglect routine medical checkups, dismiss early warning signs such as chest discomfort, fatigue, shortness of breath, or cold sweats, and associate symptoms with stress or exertion rather than a potential cardiac issue.

Heart specialists are increasingly encountering cases of heart attacks in people as young as 25, and even teenagers. Disturbingly, nearly 25% of heart attacks in India occur in individuals under 40 years of age. This growing trend threatens the nation’s most productive age group and calls for urgent public health awareness and lifestyle interventions.

Key Factors Contributing to Heart Attacks Among Indians

The rising incidence of heart attacks among Indians, particularly among the younger population, can be attributed to a combination of environmental, lifestyle, dietary, and genetic factors. Some of the major contributors include:

  • Urbanisation of rural regions leads to lifestyle changes and increased stress.
  • Mass migration to cities exposes individuals to sedentary jobs and unhealthy habits.
  • Hectic work schedules that promote physical inactivity and poor sleep hygiene.
  • Abdominal obesity (belly fat) is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases.
  • Metabolic syndrome includes conditions like high blood pressure, insulin resistance, and abnormal cholesterol levels.
  • Type 2 diabetes and hypertension both significantly elevate heart disease risk.
  • Low fruit and vegetable intake results in insufficient dietary fibre and essential nutrients.
  • Increased consumption of fried, processed, and junk foods is driven by fast food culture.
  • Widespread tobacco use, including both smoking and smokeless forms.
  • Lack of awareness and poor control over risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD).
  • Low levels of HDL (good cholesterol) which is protective against heart disease.
  • Genetic predisposition, especially among South Asians, who are more prone to premature CAD.

These contributing factors make it essential to promote awareness, early diagnosis, and preventive measures to mitigate the growing cardiovascular health crisis in India.

What Preventive Measures Can Be Taken?

Heart disease often begins developing at an early age. Therefore, effective prevention strategies must start young, with a focus on education, early screening, and lifestyle modification. Below are some essential preventive steps:

1. Promote Cardiac Awareness Early

  • Health education programs in schools and colleges should address the importance of heart health, stress management, nutrition, and physical activity.
  • Including lifestyle-related subjects in the academic curriculum can help cultivate heart-healthy habits from adolescence.

2. Routine Screening for Youth

  • Wider cardiac screening programs should be encouraged, especially for students and young adults.
  • Screenings should include:
    • Blood pressure checks
    • Family history evaluation
    • Assessment of heart-related symptoms
    • Stress and mental health evaluation
    • Basic metabolic profiling

3. Stricter Clinical Guidelines for Indians

  • Indians are genetically predisposed to cardiovascular risks and therefore require tighter control of risk factors than Western populations.
  • For example, BMI thresholds for obesity have been lowered from 25 to 23 for Asian populations, recognising their higher vulnerability to metabolic complications even at moderate weights.

4. Cost-Effective Preventive Approach

  • Preventing cardiovascular diseases before their onset is far more effective and affordable than treating advanced conditions.
  • Community-level interventions, public health awareness drives, and employer-sponsored wellness programs can play a pivotal role in reducing the disease burden.

Final Thought

Heart attacks among young and middle-aged Indians are no longer rare, and the rising trend is deeply concerning. With a unique genetic predisposition and increasing exposure to modern lifestyle stressors, the Indian population, especially its youth, is at heightened risk. However, this alarming reality can be addressed with proactive, preventive strategies. Early screening, lifestyle modification, public awareness, and timely intervention can significantly reduce the incidence of heart disease. Investing in heart health from a young age isn’t just preventive—it’s essential for securing the future of an entire generation.

 

Ravi Shankar Best Cardiac Surgeon

Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG) Surgery in Delhi NCR & Patna

By Dr. Sanjay Kumar in CTVS at Paras Hospital Gurgaon, Paras Hospitals East & Patna.

CABG

Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG) Surgery

Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG) is a surgical procedure designed to restore normal blood flow to the heart in individuals with coronary artery disease (CAD). CAD occurs when the coronary arteries become narrowed or blocked, reducing the supply of oxygen and essential nutrients to the heart muscle.

Understanding the Procedure

CABG involves rerouting blood flow using a healthy blood vessel, known as a graft, to bypass the blocked or narrowed artery. These grafts are typically taken from:

  • A vein from the leg
  • An artery from the wrist
  • An artery from the chest

Surgeons perform CABG by making an incision in the chest and opening the sternum (breastbone) to gain direct access to the heart. Over time, advancements in surgical techniques have enhanced the precision, safety, and success rates of this life-saving procedure. Commonly referred to as “cabbage,” CABG remains one of the most effective treatments for severe coronary artery disease.

Why is CABG Surgery Performed?

CABG surgery is recommended for patients with Coronary Artery Disease (CAD), a condition where narrowed or blocked coronary arteries restrict blood flow to the heart. This can lead to serious complications, including heart attacks.

Common Symptoms of CAD:

Patients requiring CABG may experience:

  • Chest pain (angina) – A pressure or squeezing sensation in the chest
  • Fatigue – Persistent tiredness and lack of energy
  • Palpitations – Irregular or rapid heartbeat
  • Abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias) – Irregular electrical activity in the heart
  • Shortness of breath – Difficulty in breathing, especially during exertion
  • Swelling in the hands and feet – A sign of poor circulation and fluid retention

CABG helps restore proper blood flow, relieving symptoms and significantly improving heart function and overall quality of life.

How is CABG Surgery Performed?

Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG) surgery is a procedure that involves using a graft (a healthy blood vessel taken from another part of the body) to create a new pathway for blood to flow around a blocked or narrowed coronary artery.

Procedure Steps:

  1. Administering Anesthesia: The patient is given general anesthesia to ensure they remain unconscious and pain-free throughout the procedure.
  2. Identifying & Harvesting the Graft: Surgeons take a healthy blood vessel from the leg (saphenous vein), arm (radial artery), or chest (internal mammary artery).
  3. Making the Incision: A sternotomy (chest incision) is performed to access the heart.
  4. Connecting the Graft: The harvested blood vessel is attached above and below the blockage in the coronary artery to create a new blood flow route.
  5. Heart-Lung Machine (if used): In traditional CABG, a heart-lung bypass machine takes over heart function while surgeons perform the grafting. Off-pump CABG is done without this machine.
  6. Closing the Chest: The sternum is secured using wires, and the incision is closed with sutures.

Surgery Duration:

  • The procedure typically lasts between 3 to 6 hours, depending on the number of bypass grafts required.
  • Recovery time varies, but most patients stay in the hospital for about 5-7 days post-surgery.

CABG is a life-saving surgery that significantly improves heart function and reduces the risk of severe complications from coronary artery disease (CAD).

Risks Associated with CABG Surgery

While Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG) surgery is a life-saving procedure, it comes with potential risks, including:

  • Irregular heartbeat (Arrhythmia) – Temporary or permanent changes in heart rhythm
  • Wound infection – More common in diabetic or immunocompromised patients
  • Stroke – A possible risk due to changes in blood flow during surgery
  • Heart attack – Although rare, there is a risk of cardiac complications during or after surgery

How to Prepare for CABG Surgery

Proper preparation before CABG surgery can help reduce risks and aid in a smoother recovery. Patients are advised to:

  1. Undergo Pre-Surgical Health Checks
    • Screen for underlying medical conditions, such as dental infections, which may cause complications.
  2. Manage Diabetes and Personal Hygiene
    • Diabetic patients should ensure blood sugar control and trim their nails to prevent infections.
  3. Plan for Post-Surgery Recovery
    • Arrange for a caretaker or family spokesperson to assist at home after surgery.
  4. Quit Smoking Completely
    • Smoking cessation is crucial as it reduces surgical complications and improves healing.
  5. Maintain a Healthy Lifestyle
    • Eat a nutritious, balanced diet to strengthen the body before surgery.
    • Avoid stress triggers and engage in gentle physical activity if permitted.
  6. Practice Stress Management Techniques
    • Engage in meditation, deep breathing exercises, and listening to calming music to reduce anxiety before surgery.

Following these steps ensures a smoother surgical experience and enhances recovery after CABG.

What to Expect Before, During, and After CABG Surgery

Before the Surgery

To ensure a smooth Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG) procedure, patients must follow these pre-surgery guidelines:

  • Fasting Instructions: Follow the surgeon’s advice regarding food and water restrictions before surgery.
  • Full-Body Shower: Take a thorough shower the day before surgery to minimize infection risks. In some cases, the medical team may assist.
  • Rest Well: A good night’s sleep is essential. If necessary, the doctor may prescribe sleep aids to help with relaxation.

During the Procedure

Depending on the severity of the condition, the surgeon may opt for different types of CABG procedures:

  1. Minimally Invasive Heart Bypass Surgery (MICAS)
    • A small incision is made in the chest, and a graft (usually taken from the leg) is harvested using an endoscope.
    • The graft is then placed above and below the blocked artery, restoring blood flow.
  2. Off-Pump Heart Bypass Surgery (Beating Heart Bypass Surgery)
    • Unlike traditional CABG, this procedure is done without using a heart-lung machine.
    • The surgeon operates on the heart while it is still beating, using stabilizing tools.
  3. Robotic Heart Surgery
    • Uses a robotic arm controlled by a surgeon to perform the surgery with smaller incisions.
    • This technique reduces scarring, recovery time, and post-operative complications.

After the Procedure

  • Immediate Recovery: Patients are moved to a recovery unit for monitoring.
  • Minimally Invasive CABG: Discharge within 1-2 days, followed by at-home recovery.
  • Traditional CABG: A Longer hospital stay may be required, depending on the patient’s health.

Can CABG Be Combined with Stents?

Yes! Hybrid suites now allow for simultaneous or staged CABG and stent procedures, offering more flexibility in treatment.

Over time, medical advancements have made CABG surgery safer, less invasive, and more effective. Ongoing research continues to improve surgical outcomes, making heart surgery even lower risk and more accessible in the future.

Final Thoughts

Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG) surgery remains one of the most effective interventions for managing coronary artery disease (CAD). Many patients experience significant relief from symptoms and improved heart function for over a decade following the procedure. However, long-term success largely depends on lifestyle modifications and adherence to medical recommendations.

To maintain heart health and prevent future complications, patients are advised to:

  • Follow a balanced, heart-healthy diet
  • Quit smoking to reduce the risk of further arterial blockages
  • Engage in regular physical activity as per medical guidance
  • Manage stress through appropriate relaxation techniques

By adopting these changes, patients can enhance their recovery, improve overall well-being, and sustain long-term cardiac health. Consulting a cardiologist for regular follow-ups and monitoring is essential for optimal post-surgical care.

Ravi Shankar Best Cardiac Surgeon

Robotic vs. Traditional Open-Heart Surgery: Choosing the Best Option for You

By Dr. Sanjay Kumar in CTVS at Paras Hospital Gurgaon, Paras Hospitals East & Patna.

Surgery

Robotic Cardiac Surgery vs. Open-Heart Surgery: Which is Right for You?

With advancements in medical technology, robotic heart surgery has emerged as a preferred option for eligible patients due to its minimally invasive nature. This technique eliminates the need for large incisions, leading to quicker recovery and reduced post-surgical discomfort. However, in some cases, open-heart surgery remains necessary, especially for complex conditions that require direct access to the heart, albeit with a higher risk of post-operative complications.

The decision between robotic and open-heart surgery depends on several factors, including your overall health, medical history, and the severity of your heart condition. If you’re unsure which approach is best for you, continue reading as we break down the key differences between these procedures, including their benefits, risks, and how they are performed.

Understanding Robotic Cardiac Surgery

Robotic cardiac surgery is a minimally invasive procedure where a surgeon performs heart surgery using robotic-assisted instruments attached to thin robotic arms. Instead of a large chest incision, the surgeon makes 2-4 small incisions to access the heart and control the robotic arms with precision. This advanced technology allows for greater accuracy, reduced trauma, and faster recovery compared to traditional open-heart surgery.

Standard Cardiac Procedures Performed Using Robotics:

  • Mitral Valve Replacement – Repair or replacement of a damaged mitral valve to restore normal blood flow.
  • Closure of Heart Defects – Treatment of congenital heart defects such as atrial septal defects (ASD) and ventricular septal defects (VSD).
  • Heart Tumor Removal – Excision of benign heart tumours with minimal impact on surrounding tissues.

Robotic heart surgery is recommended for eligible patients based on their medical condition and overall health. Consult your doctor to determine if this advanced procedure is right for you.

Key Benefits of Robotic Cardiac Surgery

Robotic cardiac surgery offers several advantages over traditional open-heart surgery, including:

  • Minimized Pain – Smaller incisions result in significantly less discomfort.
  • Reduced Blood Loss – Lower risk of excessive bleeding during surgery.
  • Lower Infection Risk – Less exposure minimizes the chance of infections.
  • Fewer Post-Surgical Complications – Enhances overall patient safety and outcomes.
  • Decreased Dependence on Pain Medication – Faster recovery reduces the need for prolonged pain management.
  • Shorter Hospital Stay – Patients typically stay for only three to four days.
  • Faster Recovery – Quicker return to normal life and professional activities.

How is Robotic Cardiac Surgery Performed?

At leading cardiac surgery centres, expert surgeons utilize robotic technology to perform precise and minimally invasive procedures. Since robotic arms do not move independently, the surgeon remains in full control throughout the surgery.

The key steps involved in robotic cardiac surgery include:

  1. Creating Surgical Ports – The surgeon makes four tiny incisions between the ribs, known as “working ports.”
  2. Inserting Instruments – Specialized surgical tools and a high-definition camera are inserted through these ports.
  3. Surgeon-Controlled Robotics – The surgeon operates from a computer console, controlling the robotic arms with precise hand movements.
  4. Enhanced Visualization – Using foot pedals, the surgeon adjusts the camera, zooming in and out for a detailed view of the heart.
  5. Performing the Surgery – The affected valve, vein, or heart tissue is repaired or removed with high precision.
  6. Closing Incisions – After completing the procedure, all instruments are removed, and the small incisions are sutured.

This advanced technique ensures a smoother recovery, reduced surgical risks, and improved patient outcomes.

Potential Risks and Complications of Robotic Cardiac Surgery

While robotic cardiac surgery offers numerous advantages, there are certain risks and complications associated with the procedure, including:

  • Extended Surgical Time – The procedure may take longer than traditional open-heart surgery.
  • Bleeding – Some patients may experience internal bleeding, requiring additional medical intervention.
  • Infection – Although rare due to smaller incisions, infections can still occur.
  • Arrhythmias – Irregular heartbeats may develop post-surgery, requiring further treatment.
  • Anaesthesia-Related Risks – Some patients may experience complications due to anaesthesia.
  • Conversion to Open-Heart Surgery – In rare cases, the surgeon may need to switch to an open-heart procedure if necessary.

With experienced surgeons, state-of-the-art technology, and a dedicated medical team, the risk of complications remains minimal at Paras Hospital Gurgaon, Paras Hospitals East & Patna, where Dr. Sanjay Kumar specializes in Cardiothoracic & Vascular Surgery (CTVS).

Understanding Open-Heart Surgery

Open-heart surgery is a major surgical procedure performed to treat various heart conditions, including Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG). CABG is a procedure used to bypass blocked or narrowed coronary arteries, ensuring that oxygen-rich blood reaches the heart efficiently. This condition, known as coronary artery disease (CAD), occurs when the arteries supplying blood to the heart become hardened or narrowed due to plaque buildup.

Benefits of Open-Heart Surgery

Open-heart surgery can significantly improve a patient’s quality of life by:

  • Restoring Proper Blood Flow – Helps bypass blocked coronary arteries, improving heart function.
  • Repairing or Replacing Heart Valves – Treats conditions related to damaged heart valves.
  • Correcting Heart Rhythm Issues – Can help manage or eliminate arrhythmias (irregular heartbeats).
  • Reducing the Risk of Heart Attack – Prevents life-threatening cardiac events.
  • Improving Overall Heart Function – Enhances heart efficiency and longevity.

How is Open-Heart Surgery Performed?

At Paras Hospital Gurgaon, Paras Hospitals East & Patna, Dr Sanjay Kumar, an expert in Cardiothoracic & Vascular Surgery (CTVS), performs open-heart surgery with precision and expertise. Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG) is one of the most common open-heart procedures, typically taking three to six hours to complete. The procedure follows these steps:

  1. Administration of Anesthesia – Before the procedure begins, the patient is given general anaesthesia to ensure they remain asleep and pain-free.
  2. Incision & Access to the Heart – The surgeon makes an 8- to 10-inch incision in the chest and carefully cuts through part or all of the sternum (breastbone) to access the heart.
  3. Use of a Heart-Lung Bypass Machine – In many cases, the patient is connected to a heart-lung machine, which temporarily takes over the heart’s function to keep blood circulating while the surgery is performed.
  4. Bypassing the Blocked Artery – The surgeon uses a healthy vein or artery (often taken from the leg or chest) to create a new path for blood to flow around the blocked artery.
  5. Closing the Chest – The breastbone is closed with surgical wires, which remain inside the body for stability. The incision is then sutured and dressed.
  6. Sternal Plating (if needed) – In high-risk cases (such as elderly patients or those undergoing repeat surgeries), tiny titanium plates may be used to reinforce the sternum for better healing.

At Paras Hospitals, Dr. Sanjay Kumar ensures that every procedure is carried out with the highest level of safety, expertise, and advanced medical technology for optimal patient outcomes.

What Are the Risks of Open-Heart Surgery?

While open-heart surgery is a life-saving procedure, it carries certain risks, including:

  • Infection at the incision site – Particularly in diabetic or immunocompromised patients.
  • Stroke – Due to potential blood flow disruption during surgery.
  • Arrhythmia – Irregular heartbeat may develop post-surgery.
  • Excessive blood loss – May require a transfusion.
  • Blood clots – This can lead to complications like deep vein thrombosis (DVT).
  • Memory loss – Some patients experience temporary cognitive difficulties.
  • Difficult breathing – Lungs may take time to regain full function post-surgery.
  • Thrombosis – Formation of blood clots that may block blood vessels.

At Paras Hospital Gurgaon, Paras Hospitals East & Patna, Dr. Sanjay Kumar, a leading CTVS specialist, ensures that every precaution is taken to minimize these risks and provide the best possible patient care.

Final Thoughts

Both robotic cardiac surgery and open-heart surgery have their advantages and risks. While robotic surgery offers a minimally invasive approach with faster recovery and fewer complications, open-heart surgery remains the gold standard for complex cardiac conditions.

The best approach depends on your health condition, medical history, and the severity of your heart disease. At Paras Hospital Gurgaon, Paras Hospitals East & Patna, Dr Sanjay Kumar and his expert team ensure a personalized treatment plan tailored to provide the best possible outcomes. Consult with your doctor to determine the most effective and safest surgical option for your heart health.

 

Ravi Shankar Best Cardiac Surgeon

Real Stories of Success: Patient Experiences with Robotic Cardiac Surgery

By Dr. Sanjay Kumar in CTVS at Paras Hospital Gurgaon, Paras Hospitals East & Patna.

Robotic Cardiac Surgery

Enhanced Precision and Control: Understanding Robotic Cardiac Surgery

Robotic Cardiac Surgery, also known as Robot-Assisted Surgery (RAS), allows surgeons to perform complex procedures with greater precision, control, and flexibility compared to traditional methods. It is widely used in minimally invasive surgeries through small incisions and is also applied in select open-heart procedures for improved accuracy.

A robotic surgical system typically includes a camera-equipped arm and mechanical arms with attached surgical instruments. The surgeon operates these arms from a computer console near the operating table, viewing a high-definition, magnified 3D image of the surgical site. A dedicated surgical team assists under the surgeon’s guidance to ensure a smooth and effective procedure.

What Do Patients at Paras Hospital Gurgaon Say About Robotic Cardiac Surgery?

By Dr. Sanjay Kumar, CTVS Specialist

Patients undergoing robotic cardiac surgery at Paras Hospital Gurgaon, Paras Hospitals East & Patna have reported several key benefits:

  • Minimally Invasive – Smaller incisions reduce the risk of bleeding and infections as robotic arms filter out hand tremors.
  • Less Trauma – Procedures that traditionally require a week-long hospital stay can now be completed with just one to two days of recovery.
  • Less Surgeon Fatigue – The robotic system allows surgeons to operate while seated comfortably, enhancing focus and precision.
  • Lower Risk of Infection – The minimally invasive approach significantly reduces infection risks.
  • Reduced Pain – Fewer incisions and improved accuracy lead to less postoperative pain and a lower reliance on pain medication.

With high success rates, state-of-the-art operation theatres, and experienced cardiac specialists, Paras Hospital Gurgaon and Paras Hospitals East & Patna stand as premier choices for robotic cardiac surgery.

How Does Robotic Cardiac Surgery Work?

Robotic cardiac surgery is performed using a sophisticated robotic system controlled by a surgeon from a specialized console. The system consists of robotic arms equipped with surgical instruments and a high-definition camera that provides a detailed, magnified 3D view of the surgical site.

  • The surgeon sits at the console, manoeuvring the robotic arms with precise hand movements.
  • The robotic system translates these movements into highly accurate surgical actions inside the patient’s body.
  • Unlike traditional surgery, the surgeon does not stand over the patient but operates the robotic arms from a nearby station, ensuring greater control and precision.
  • A dedicated surgical team remains present in the operating room to assist during the procedure.

What Happens Before Robotic Cardiac Surgery?

Preparation for robotic cardiac surgery involves several essential steps to ensure a smooth procedure and optimal recovery:

  1. Arrange Transportation – Since you will not be able to drive after surgery, ensure someone is available to take you home.
  2. Medication Guidelines – Consult your doctor about any medications you need to stop before surgery. Follow medical advice strictly.
  3. Avoid Tobacco Products – Quit smoking or using tobacco several weeks before surgery to improve lung function, promote healing, and reduce complications.
  4. Fasting Instructions – Do not eat or drink anything after midnight or as instructed by your doctor before the surgery to prevent complications during anaesthesia.

Proper preparation enhances the success of robotic cardiac surgery and ensures a quicker, smoother recovery.

How does Robotic Cardiac Surgery take place at Paras Hospitals?

At Paras Hospitals, robotic cardiac surgery is performed with high precision and control, ensuring minimal invasiveness and faster recovery. The surgeon remains in full control throughout the procedure, as the robotic arms do not move independently. The process includes:

  1. Making Small Incisions – The surgeon creates four tiny incisions between the ribs, including a “working port” for optimal access.
  2. Inserting Instruments – Specialized surgical instruments and a high-definition camera are inserted through these ports.
  3. Controlling the Robotic System – The surgeon operates the instruments from a computer console, using hand movements to direct the robotic arms with enhanced precision.
  4. Zooming for Accuracy – The surgeon can zoom in and out using foot pedals to achieve a highly detailed, magnified view of the heart.
  5. Closing Incisions – Once the surgery is complete, the incisions are carefully closed to promote fast healing.

What Happens After Robotic Cardiac Surgery?

Following robotic cardiac surgery, patients are closely monitored for a smooth recovery:

  • ICU Care – Patients are transferred to the intensive care unit (ICU) for observation and stabilization.
  • Hospital Stay – Depending on the complexity of the procedure, hospital stays may last a few days.
  • Post-Surgical Tests – A transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) may be conducted before discharge to assess heart function.
  • Recovery Period – Complete recovery typically takes two weeks or longer, depending on individual health conditions.
  • Lifestyle & Medication Guidance – Patients receive expert recommendations on lifestyle modifications and prescribed medications to ensure long-term heart health.

With cutting-edge robotic technology and a skilled medical team, Paras Hospitals in Gurgaon, East, and Patna provide advanced cardiac care for successful outcomes.

What Are the Risks Involved With Robotic Cardiac Surgery?

While robotic cardiac surgery offers numerous benefits, there are potential risks and complications, as with any surgical procedure. Patients have reported experiencing:

  • Chest Pain – Some discomfort or pain in the chest area post-surgery.
  • Stroke & Bleeding – A possibility of stroke or excessive bleeding during or after surgery.
  • Anesthesia-Related Issues – Adverse reactions to anesthesia.
  • Arrhythmias – Irregular heart rhythms that may require further medical intervention.
  • Need for a Permanent Pacemaker – In some cases, patients may need a pacemaker due to heart rhythm complications.
  • Infection – Though less invasive, surgery still carries a risk of infection.
  • Mortality Risk – In rare cases, the procedure may lead to fatal complications.

Surgeons may not always be able to complete the procedure using robotic assistance alone, and manual intervention may be required. The risks vary based on the patient’s health condition, so discussing concerns with a healthcare professional is essential before undergoing surgery.

Robotic Surgery vs. Traditional Sternotomy

Studies have shown that robotic cardiac surgery is associated with lower mortality and morbidity compared to traditional open-heart procedures. As a result, robotic techniques have become more common in procedures such as:

  • Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG)
  • Mitral Valve Replacement
  • Tumor Excision
  • Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) Repair

With its well-documented benefits, robotic cardiac surgery continues to gain popularity for its minimally invasive approach. At Paras Hospitals, Gurgaon, East & Patna, patients receive advanced, precise, and compassionate care for their cardiac health.

Final Thought

Robotic cardiac surgery represents a significant advancement in heart care, offering greater precision, minimal invasiveness, and faster recovery compared to traditional methods. While there are risks associated with any surgical procedure, the benefits—such as reduced pain, shorter hospital stays, and lower infection rates—make it a preferred choice for many patients.

If you’re considering robotic cardiac surgery, consult with a trusted specialist to explore your options and take the next step toward a healthier heart and a better quality of life.

 

Ravi Shankar Best Cardiac Surgeon

11 Early Signs and Symptoms of a Heart Attack You Shouldn’t Ignore

By Dr. Sanjay Kumar in CTVS at Paras Hospital Gurgaon, Paras Hospitals East & Patna.

Heart Attack

A heart attack is a life-threatening medical emergency that requires immediate attention. If left untreated, it can cause severe heart damage or even be fatal. However, the body often gives warning signs before the actual cardiac event occurs. Recognizing these early symptoms can be crucial in preventing serious complications. In this article, we will explore what a heart attack is and discuss 11 early warning signs that should never be ignored.

Understanding a Heart Attack

Before discussing the symptoms of a heart attack, it is important to understand what it is and why it occurs.

A heart attack, medically known as myocardial infarction, happens when the coronary arteries—responsible for supplying blood to the heart—become blocked due to the buildup of fatty deposits. This blockage restricts blood flow, leading to a lack of oxygen in the heart muscle. As a result, heart cells begin to die, causing permanent damage if not treated promptly.

While severe chest pain is commonly associated with heart attacks, symptoms can vary significantly from person to person. In particular, men and women may experience different warning signs, making it crucial to recognize a wide range of potential symptoms.

Heart Attack Signs

Recognizing the early signs of a heart attack can be life-saving. Many people assume that a heart attack always involves sudden, intense chest pain, but symptoms can vary widely. Below are 11 key warning signs that should not be ignored:

1. Chest Discomfort

Chest pain or discomfort is the most common symptom of a heart attack. It may feel like pressure, tightness, fullness, or pain in the centre or left side of the chest. Some people describe it as the sensation of an “elephant sitting on their chest.” This discomfort may last for several minutes or come and go.

2. Shortness of Breath

Feeling breathless without any physical exertion is a serious warning sign. Shortness of breath can occur on its own or alongside chest pain. If you suddenly struggle to catch your breath, even while resting, seek medical attention immediately.

3. Nausea and Dizziness

Some heart attack sufferers experience nausea, vomiting, or dizziness. Women are more likely than men to have these symptoms instead of classic chest pain. If you feel nauseous along with other symptoms, don’t ignore it.

4. Unexplained Tiredness

Sudden, extreme fatigue that doesn’t improve with rest can be an early sign of a heart attack, especially in women. If you feel persistently drained or unusually exhausted for days or weeks, consult a doctor.

5. Excessive Sweating

Profuse sweating, especially cold sweats, is a red flag. If you suddenly break out in a sweat without exertion and it is accompanied by other symptoms, it could indicate a heart attack.

6. Irregular Heartbeat (Palpitations)

An uneven or rapid heartbeat—also known as palpitations—can be a warning sign. If you feel like your heart is skipping beats, fluttering, or pounding without exertion, get checked immediately.

7. Pain in Arms, Neck, Back, or Jaw

Pain that radiates from the chest to the arms (especially the left arm), neck, back, or jaw is a common but often overlooked symptom of a heart attack. The pain may feel dull, sharp, or intermittent. If it occurs suddenly or along with other symptoms, seek medical help.

8. Swelling in Legs or Feet

Swelling in the feet, ankles, or legs could indicate heart problems. It occurs when the heart cannot pump blood effectively, leading to fluid buildup. If you notice unusual swelling, especially alongside other symptoms, consult a doctor.

9. Anxiety or Panic Attacks

Some people report feeling extreme anxiety, irritability, or an impending sense of doom before a heart attack. If you experience unexplained panic-like symptoms, it’s important to take them seriously.

10. Skin Color Changes (Cyanosis)

Bluish or pale skin around the lips or fingertips suggests a lack of oxygen in the blood. This can indicate serious heart problems requiring urgent medical attention.

11. Indigestion or Heartburn

Many people mistake a heart attack for digestive issues like indigestion or acid reflux. If you experience severe heartburn or stomach pain that doesn’t improve with usual treatments, consult a doctor—especially if other symptoms are present.

When to Seek Help

If you or someone around you experiences any of these symptoms—especially in combination—do not ignore them. Call emergency services or seek medical help immediately. Early detection and treatment can prevent severe heart damage and save lives.

Conclusion

Recognizing the early signs of a heart attack is crucial for timely medical intervention. While chest pain is a well-known symptom, many other warning signs—such as shortness of breath, nausea, unexplained fatigue, and discomfort in different parts of the body—should not be overlooked, especially in women. Awareness of these symptoms can help prevent severe complications and even save lives. If you or someone around you experiences any of these warning signs, seek immediate medical attention. Being informed and proactive is the key to protecting your heart health and that of your loved ones.

 

 

 

Ravi Shankar Best Cardiac Surgeon

The Silent Threat: Understanding Sudden Cardiac Arrest

By Dr. Sanjay Kumar in CTVS at Paras Hospital Gurgaon, Paras Hospitals East & Patna.

Understanding Sudden Cardiac Arrest

Understanding Sudden Cardiac Arrest

Losing a loved one unexpectedly is an indescribable pain. As I walk down memory lane, a deeply painful recollection resurfaces—one of the most devastating moments of my life. A dear family member lost his life at a young age due to sudden cardiac arrest. This was in the 1970s when medical science was still evolving, and in India, heart disease diagnosis and treatment were in their infancy. Losing someone so young was not just a personal tragedy but a profound turning point for me. That loss ignited a purpose in my life—to become a heart specialist so I could educate people and save as many lives as possible.

A Rising Concern in Recent Times

In recent years, we have witnessed the sudden deaths of many young, vibrant, and seemingly healthy celebrities due to sudden cardiac arrest. These individuals had no known history of heart disease and appeared to be in good health. So what happened? What caused their untimely deaths? Why did they collapse suddenly—while sleeping, working out, or performing routine activities? Could this happen to anyone? How can we identify those at risk? These questions weigh heavily on our minds. Understanding the underlying causes is critical in preventing such tragedies.

What is Sudden Cardiac Arrest?

Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) is a life-threatening emergency in which the heart suddenly stops beating effectively, preventing blood flow to vital organs such as the brain, lungs, and kidneys. Without immediate medical intervention, unconsciousness follows within seconds, and death occurs within minutes.

Heart Attack vs. Cardiac Arrest: Understanding the Difference

Though often used interchangeably, a heart attack and cardiac arrest are not the same:

  • Heart Attack occurs when one or more arteries supplying blood to the heart become blocked, depriving the heart muscle of oxygen. This damage can trigger dangerous heart rhythms and, if untreated, lead to death.
  • Cardiac Arrest results from an electrical malfunction in the heart, causing it to stop beating suddenly. While a heart attack can lead to cardiac arrest, other conditions can also trigger it.

Heart Conditions That Can Cause Sudden Cardiac Arrest

Several underlying heart conditions can increase the risk of SCA, including:

  • Long QT Syndrome – A disorder affecting the heart’s electrical system, leading to irregular heartbeats.
  • Brugada Syndrome – A genetic condition that disrupts the heart’s normal rhythm.
  • Cardiomyopathy
    • Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy – Thickened heart muscles make it harder for the heart to pump blood.
    • Dilated Cardiomyopathy – The heart becomes enlarged and weakened.
  • Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack) – A blocked artery deprives the heart muscle of oxygen.
  • Heart Failure – The heart becomes too weak to pump blood efficiently.
  • Recreational Drug Use – Drugs like cocaine can trigger fatal heart rhythm abnormalities.
  • Infectious Diseases – Certain infections can damage the heart muscle.
  • Extreme Physical Exertion or Major Blood Loss – These can cause a sudden drop in blood flow, triggering cardiac arrest.
  • Congenital Heart Defects – Some individuals are born with structural heart abnormalities that increase the risk of SCA.

Warning Signs of Sudden Cardiac Arrest

Sudden cardiac arrest often occurs without warning, but in some cases, symptoms may indicate an impending event. These include:

  • Sudden loss of consciousness
  • Rapid or irregular heartbeat
  • Dizziness or lightheadedness
  • Weakness or fatigue
  • Chest pain or discomfort
  • Shortness of breath

Emergency Response: Immediate Actions to Save a Life

In the event of sudden cardiac arrest, every second counts. Immediate intervention can mean the difference between life and death. Here’s what to do:

  1. Call for Emergency Help – Seek immediate medical assistance.
  2. Perform Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) – Begin chest compressions to maintain blood circulation until professional help arrives.
  3. Use an Automated External Defibrillator (AED) – If available, an AED can deliver an electric shock to restore a normal heart rhythm.

How to Reduce the Risk of Sudden Cardiac Arrest?

While SCA can be unpredictable, proactive steps can help lower the risk:

  • Undergo regular cardiac evaluations, especially if you have a family history of heart disease.
  • Maintain a healthy lifestyle, including a balanced diet, regular exercise, and stress management.
  • Manage underlying conditions such as high blood pressure, diabetes, and high cholesterol.
  • Avoid recreational drugs and excessive alcohol consumption.
  • Be aware of any unusual symptoms and seek medical advice promptly.

Final Thoughts

Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) is a silent threat that can occur without warning, making awareness and prevention crucial. Recognizing early signs, adopting a heart-healthy lifestyle, and seeking timely medical care can significantly reduce the risk. Educating ourselves and others empowers us to take proactive steps in saving lives and protecting families from unexpected loss.

While heart attacks remain the leading cause of SCA, other less common triggers can also be prevented with increased self-awareness and timely medical intervention. A little vigilance today can go a long way in safeguarding our heart health.

 

Ravi Shankar Best Cardiac Surgeon

Valvular Heart Disease: Types, Warning Signs, and Top Treatments

By Dr. Sanjay Kumar in CTVS at Paras Hospital Gurgaon, Paras Hospitals East & Patna.

Valvular Heart Disease

Understanding Valvular Heart Disease: Types, Symptoms & Treatments

What Is Valvular Heart Disease?

Valvular heart disease (VHD) occurs when one or more heart valves fail to function properly, affecting blood flow through the heart. This condition can cause symptoms such as shortness of breath, chest pain, and fatigue—or in some cases, remain silent until it reaches an advanced stage.

Millions worldwide suffer from heart valve disease, yet many remain unaware until complications arise. However, with early detection and advanced treatment options, serious risks like heart failure can be prevented.

What This Guide Covers:

  • Types of heart valve diseases, including rare conditions
  • Symptoms and risk factors to watch for
  • Modern and minimally invasive treatment options
  • Why early diagnosis is critical for heart health
  • How expert cardiac care at Paras Hospitals can help

Seeking professional care early can make all the difference. Learn more about effective treatments and expert care at Paras Hospitals, Delhi NCR & Patna.

Types of Valvular Heart Disease

Aortic Stenosis: The Most Common Valve Disease

  • Affects approximately 9 million people worldwide
  • The aortic valve narrows, restricting blood flow from the heart to the body
  • More common in older adults and individuals with high cholesterol or calcium buildup
  • Symptoms: Chest pain, breathlessness, dizziness
  • Treatment: Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR) or surgical valve replacement

Mitral Regurgitation: A Leaky Mitral Valve

  • Occurs when the mitral valve fails to close properly, allowing blood to flow backwards
  • Can lead to fatigue, irregular heartbeat, and swelling in the feet
  • Treatment Options: Minimally invasive MitraClip procedure or surgical valve replacement

Tricuspid Valve Disease: Often Overlooked

  • Tricuspid Regurgitation: Blood flows backwards into the right atrium
  • Tricuspid Stenosis: Narrowing of the tricuspid valve, often caused by rheumatic fever
  • Symptoms: Swelling in the legs, fluid retention, fatigue
  • Treatment: Valve repair or replacement

Pulmonary Valve Disease: Rare but Serious

  • Pulmonary Stenosis: Restricts blood flow to the lungs
  • Pulmonary Regurgitation: Causes blood to leak back into the right ventricle
  • Symptoms: Shortness of breath, blue-tinted skin, fainting spells

Early diagnosis and treatment of valvular heart disease can help prevent severe complications like heart failure.

Rare Heart Valve Disorders You Should Know About

Quadricuspid Aortic Valve (QAV)

  • A rare congenital defect where the aortic valve has four leaflets instead of the usual three
  • This can lead to valve leakage and heart complications

Tricuspid Valve Stenosis

  • A rare narrowing of the tricuspid valve
  • Can result in right-sided heart failure

Bicuspid Aortic Valve (BAV)

  • A genetic condition where the aortic valve has only two flaps instead of three
  • Increases the risk of aortic stenosis and aneurysms

Endocarditis-Induced Valve Disease

  • Caused by bacterial infections that damage the heart valves
  • Can lead to life-threatening complications if untreated

Symptoms of Heart Valve Disease: When to See a Doctor

Many people with early-stage heart valve disease do not experience noticeable symptoms. However, as the condition progresses, symptoms may include:

  • Shortness of breath, especially during exercise
  • Chest pain or pressure
  • Irregular heartbeat (palpitations)
  • Swollen feet, ankles, or legs
  • Dizziness or fainting spells
  • Extreme fatigue or weakness

Ignoring these symptoms can lead to serious complications such as heart failure. If you or a loved one experiences any of these signs, consult a heart specialist at Paras Hospitals for an early diagnosis and treatment.

Latest Treatments for Valvular Heart Disease

Thanks to medical advancements, treating heart valve disease is now safer and less invasive than ever. Depending on the severity and type of valve disease, doctors may recommend one of the following treatment options.

Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR)

  • A minimally invasive procedure to replace the aortic valve
  • No open-heart surgery is required, making it a great option for high-risk patients
  • Especially beneficial for elderly patients or those with underlying health conditions

MitraClip Procedure

  • A catheter-based procedure that clips the mitral valve to stop leakage
  • Offers a much quicker recovery time compared to open-heart surgery
  • Ideal for patients who cannot undergo major surgery

Balloon Valvuloplasty

  • Primarily used for narrowed heart valves (stenosis)
  • A small balloon is inserted and inflated to widen the valve, improving blood flow
  • Although effective, the procedure may not provide a permanent solution, and further treatment could be needed

Traditional Open-Heart Surgery

  • The most effective option for younger, healthier patients who need a long-term valve solution
  • Although it requires a longer recovery time, it offers durable results
  • Often recommended when minimally invasive options are not suitable

With so many treatment options available, early diagnosis is key to choosing the best approach. If you or a loved one has been diagnosed with valvular heart disease, consult a heart specialist to explore the most effective treatment for your condition.

Preventing Heart Valve Disease

Although you may not be able to prevent heart valve disease entirely, you can significantly lower your risk by making key lifestyle changes. Here’s what you need to know:

  • First and foremost, manage your blood pressure and cholesterol – Since high blood pressure can weaken heart valves over time, maintaining healthy levels through a balanced diet, exercise, and medication when necessary is essential.
  • In addition, quit smoking – Smoking accelerates heart damage, increasing the risk of valve disease. The sooner you quit, the greater the benefits for your heart.
  • Eat Heart-Healthy Foods – Focus on a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins. Avoid excessive saturated fats, sodium, and processed foods.
  • Stay Active – Regular exercise strengthens the heart and improves circulation. Aim for at least 30 minutes of moderate activity most days of the week.
  • Treat Infections Promptly – Untreated infections like strep throat can lead to rheumatic heart disease, a major cause of valve damage. Seeking timely medical treatment can prevent complications.

Why Early Diagnosis Matters

Unfortunately, many people don’t realize they have heart valve disease until it becomes severe. More than 13 per cent of individuals aged 75 and older are affected, yet many remain undiagnosed.

  • Better Treatment Options – Catching the disease early increases the chances of effective, minimally invasive treatments.
  • Regular Heart Check-ups Prevent Complications – Routine screenings help detect issues before they become severe.
  • Echocardiograms Can Reveal Hidden Valve Problems – Advanced imaging can identify valve abnormalities even before symptoms appear.

At Paras Hospitals, we offer state-of-the-art cardiac screenings and expert care. If you are over 50 or have risk factors such as high blood pressure or high cholesterol, scheduling a heart check-up today can help safeguard your health for the future.

Get Expert Heart Care at Paras Hospitals

Don’t wait for your symptoms to get worse. If you experience any signs of heart valve disease, early diagnosis and treatment can make all the difference.

  • Expert cardiologists and heart surgeons
  • Advanced heart valve treatments including TAVR, MitraClip, and valve replacement
  • Eight hospital locations – Panchkula, Srinagar, Gurgaon, Patna, Ranchi, Darbhanga, Kanpur, and Udaipur

Call 07366098456 or book your appointment online. Your heart health matters.

Book Your Consultation Today

Why Early Check-ups Matter

Heart valve disease is more common than many people realize. Fortunately, modern treatments can often manage or even correct the condition effectively.

If you experience chest pain, shortness of breath, dizziness, or extreme fatigue, do not ignore these warning signs. Visit Paras Hospitals for a comprehensive heart check-up and expert treatment.

 

Call 07366098456 to book your consultation today.

 

Ravi Shankar Best Cardiac Surgeon

Shocking Facts About High Cholesterol Symptoms You Must Know

By Dr. Sanjay Kumar in CTVS at Paras Hospital Gurgaon and Paras Hospitals East.

High Cholesterol: Symptoms, Risks, and Effective Management

Cholesterol: The Silent Risk Factor You Need to Watch

Cholesterol is a fatty substance in your blood that is essential for hormone production and cell function. However, excess low-density lipoprotein (LDL) or “bad” cholesterol can raise the risk of heart disease and stroke. The alarming reality is that high cholesterol typically has no noticeable symptoms until severe complications arise. Recognizing potential warning signs and monitoring your levels regularly can help you take control of your heart health and prevent life-threatening conditions.

What is High Cholesterol?

Cholesterol is a type of fat (lipid) that your liver naturally produces and is also found in certain foods. It plays a vital role in hormone production, digestion, and overall cell function. However, excessive cholesterol, particularly low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, can pose serious health risks.

Types of Cholesterol

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) – “Bad” Cholesterol

  • Builds up in artery walls, leading to blockages
  • Increases the risk of heart disease and stroke

High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) – “Good” Cholesterol

  • Helps remove excess LDL from the bloodstream
  • Lowers the risk of cardiovascular diseases

A high cholesterol diagnosis is typically based on:

  • LDL cholesterol above 160 mg/dL (4.1 mmol/L)
  • Total cholesterol above 200 mg/dL (5.2 mmol/L)

Monitoring and managing cholesterol levels is crucial to preventing heart-related complications.

Signs and Symptoms of High Cholesterol

High cholesterol is often referred to as a “silent” condition because it typically does not cause noticeable symptoms until it has already led to serious health complications. However, certain signs may indicate cholesterol-related issues:

Common Signs to Watch For

1. Chest Pain (Angina)

  • Restricted blood flow due to plaque buildup in the arteries can cause chest pain or discomfort, especially during physical exertion or stress.

2. Shortness of Breath

  • Narrowed arteries may reduce oxygen supply to the heart and lungs, leading to breathing difficulties, particularly during activity.

3. Fatigue or Weakness

  • Poor circulation caused by cholesterol deposits can decrease oxygen supply to muscles and organs, causing persistent fatigue.

4. Numbness or Tingling in the Extremities

  • Blocked arteries may reduce blood flow to the arms, legs, or feet, causing sensations of numbness or tingling.

5. Stroke Symptoms

  • In severe cases, high cholesterol can lead to a stroke, with symptoms such as:
    • Sudden numbness or weakness (especially on one side of the body)
    • Confusion or difficulty speaking
    • Vision problems
    • Loss of balance or dizziness

Since high cholesterol does not always present clear warning signs, routine health checkups and cholesterol level monitoring are crucial for early detection and prevention.

Risk Factors for High Cholesterol

Several factors can contribute to elevated cholesterol levels, increasing the risk of heart disease and other complications.

1. Unhealthy Diet

  • Consuming foods high in saturated fats, trans fats, and cholesterol can raise LDL (“bad”) cholesterol levels. Processed foods, fried items, and red meat are common culprits.

2. Obesity

  • Excess body fat, especially around the abdomen, is linked to lower HDL (“good”) cholesterol and higher LDL cholesterol levels, increasing the risk of heart disease.

3. Lack of Physical Activity

  • Regular exercise helps maintain healthy cholesterol levels by increasing HDL cholesterol and reducing LDL cholesterol. A sedentary lifestyle, on the other hand, contributes to cholesterol buildup.

4. Smoking

  • Smoking damages blood vessels, lowers HDL cholesterol, and increases the risk of plaque formation in the arteries, leading to heart disease and stroke.

5. Age and Gender

  • Cholesterol levels naturally increase with age. Women often experience a rise in cholesterol levels after menopause due to hormonal changes.

6. Family History

  • Genetics play a significant role in cholesterol levels. If your family has a history of high cholesterol or heart disease, your risk is higher.

7. Medical Conditions

  • Health conditions like diabetes, hypothyroidism, and kidney disease can contribute to high cholesterol levels by altering how the body processes fats.

Understanding these risk factors can help in making lifestyle changes to maintain healthy cholesterol levels and reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases.

Diagnosis and Treatment of High Cholesterol

Diagnosis

Since high cholesterol typically has no symptoms, routine screening is crucial for early detection. A lipid panel blood test measures:

  • Total cholesterol
  • LDL (“bad”) cholesterol
  • HDL (“good”) cholesterol
  • Triglycerides

Your healthcare provider will assess these levels and determine the best course of action.

Treatment Options

  1. Lifestyle Changes
    • Healthy Diet: Eat more fibre-rich foods, lean proteins, and healthy fats while avoiding saturated and trans fats.
    • Regular Exercise: At least 30 minutes of moderate physical activity most days can help lower LDL and raise HDL cholesterol.
    • Weight Management: Maintaining a healthy weight can significantly improve cholesterol levels.
    • Quit Smoking: Stopping smoking can raise HDL cholesterol and improve overall heart health.
    • Limit Alcohol Consumption: Excessive drinking can increase cholesterol and triglyceride levels.
  2. Medications
    If lifestyle changes aren’t enough, your doctor may prescribe cholesterol-lowering medications, such as:
    • Statins: Reduce LDL cholesterol production in the liver.
    • Ezetimibe: Helps block cholesterol absorption from food.
    • PCSK9 Inhibitors: Lower LDL cholesterol levels in high-risk patients.

Regular follow-ups and cholesterol monitoring are essential to track progress and adjust treatment as needed.

High Cholesterol: Symptoms, Risks, and Effective Management

Lifestyle Changes

  1. Adopt a Heart-Healthy Diet
    • Focus on foods low in saturated and trans fats.
    • Include fibre-rich options like fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats (olive oil, nuts).
  2. Increase Physical Activity
    • Regular exercise helps raise HDL (“good”) cholesterol and lower LDL (“bad”) cholesterol.
  3. Maintain a Healthy Weight
    • Losing excess weight improves cholesterol levels and overall heart health.
  4. Quit Smoking
    • Smoking lowers HDL cholesterol and significantly increases the risk of heart disease and stroke.
  5. Manage Stress
    • High stress can lead to unhealthy habits that may negatively impact cholesterol levels.

Medications

If lifestyle changes alone aren’t enough, your doctor may prescribe cholesterol-lowering medications:

  • Statins: Block cholesterol production in the liver, lowering LDL cholesterol.
  • Bile Acid Sequestrants: Prevent cholesterol absorption from bile acids in the digestive system.
  • Cholesterol Absorption Inhibitors: Reduce cholesterol absorption in the intestines.
  • Fibrates: Lower triglycerides and, in some cases, raise HDL cholesterol.

It’s essential to follow your doctor’s recommendations and take prescribed medications as directed for effective cholesterol management.

Final Thought

High cholesterol is a silent risk factor for serious cardiovascular conditions. Since it often has no symptoms, regular screening and adopting a heart-healthy lifestyle are key to prevention. A balanced diet, exercise, and weight management help maintain healthy cholesterol levels. If lifestyle changes aren’t enough, medications can further reduce risks.

Take proactive steps today to protect your heart health.

For expert guidance and treatment, consult Dr. Sanjay Kumar.

📞 Book an appointment at Paras Hospital Gurgaon, Paras Hospitals East & Patna. – Call: 07366098456

 

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