By Dr. Sanjay Kumar in CTVS at Paras Hospital Gurgaon, Paras Hospitals East & Patna.
Understanding Sudden Cardiac Arrest
Losing a loved one unexpectedly is an indescribable pain. As I walk down memory lane, a deeply painful recollection resurfaces—one of the most devastating moments of my life. A dear family member lost his life at a young age due to sudden cardiac arrest. This was in the 1970s when medical science was still evolving, and in India, heart disease diagnosis and treatment were in their infancy. Losing someone so young was not just a personal tragedy but a profound turning point for me. That loss ignited a purpose in my life—to become a heart specialist so I could educate people and save as many lives as possible.
A Rising Concern in Recent Times
In recent years, we have witnessed the sudden deaths of many young, vibrant, and seemingly healthy celebrities due to sudden cardiac arrest. These individuals had no known history of heart disease and appeared to be in good health. So what happened? What caused their untimely deaths? Why did they collapse suddenly—while sleeping, working out, or performing routine activities? Could this happen to anyone? How can we identify those at risk? These questions weigh heavily on our minds. Understanding the underlying causes is critical in preventing such tragedies.
What is Sudden Cardiac Arrest?
Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) is a life-threatening emergency in which the heart suddenly stops beating effectively, preventing blood flow to vital organs such as the brain, lungs, and kidneys. Without immediate medical intervention, unconsciousness follows within seconds, and death occurs within minutes.
Heart Attack vs. Cardiac Arrest: Understanding the Difference
Though often used interchangeably, a heart attack and cardiac arrest are not the same:
- Heart Attack occurs when one or more arteries supplying blood to the heart become blocked, depriving the heart muscle of oxygen. This damage can trigger dangerous heart rhythms and, if untreated, lead to death.
- Cardiac Arrest results from an electrical malfunction in the heart, causing it to stop beating suddenly. While a heart attack can lead to cardiac arrest, other conditions can also trigger it.
Heart Conditions That Can Cause Sudden Cardiac Arrest
Several underlying heart conditions can increase the risk of SCA, including:
- Long QT Syndrome – A disorder affecting the heart’s electrical system, leading to irregular heartbeats.
- Brugada Syndrome – A genetic condition that disrupts the heart’s normal rhythm.
- Cardiomyopathy
- Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy – Thickened heart muscles make it harder for the heart to pump blood.
- Dilated Cardiomyopathy – The heart becomes enlarged and weakened.
- Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack) – A blocked artery deprives the heart muscle of oxygen.
- Heart Failure – The heart becomes too weak to pump blood efficiently.
- Recreational Drug Use – Drugs like cocaine can trigger fatal heart rhythm abnormalities.
- Infectious Diseases – Certain infections can damage the heart muscle.
- Extreme Physical Exertion or Major Blood Loss – These can cause a sudden drop in blood flow, triggering cardiac arrest.
- Congenital Heart Defects – Some individuals are born with structural heart abnormalities that increase the risk of SCA.
Warning Signs of Sudden Cardiac Arrest
Sudden cardiac arrest often occurs without warning, but in some cases, symptoms may indicate an impending event. These include:
- Sudden loss of consciousness
- Rapid or irregular heartbeat
- Dizziness or lightheadedness
- Weakness or fatigue
- Chest pain or discomfort
- Shortness of breath
Emergency Response: Immediate Actions to Save a Life
In the event of sudden cardiac arrest, every second counts. Immediate intervention can mean the difference between life and death. Here’s what to do:
- Call for Emergency Help – Seek immediate medical assistance.
- Perform Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) – Begin chest compressions to maintain blood circulation until professional help arrives.
- Use an Automated External Defibrillator (AED) – If available, an AED can deliver an electric shock to restore a normal heart rhythm.
How to Reduce the Risk of Sudden Cardiac Arrest?
While SCA can be unpredictable, proactive steps can help lower the risk:
- Undergo regular cardiac evaluations, especially if you have a family history of heart disease.
- Maintain a healthy lifestyle, including a balanced diet, regular exercise, and stress management.
- Manage underlying conditions such as high blood pressure, diabetes, and high cholesterol.
- Avoid recreational drugs and excessive alcohol consumption.
- Be aware of any unusual symptoms and seek medical advice promptly.
Final Thoughts
Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) is a silent threat that can occur without warning, making awareness and prevention crucial. Recognizing early signs, adopting a heart-healthy lifestyle, and seeking timely medical care can significantly reduce the risk. Educating ourselves and others empowers us to take proactive steps in saving lives and protecting families from unexpected loss.
While heart attacks remain the leading cause of SCA, other less common triggers can also be prevented with increased self-awareness and timely medical intervention. A little vigilance today can go a long way in safeguarding our heart health.
